The Activity is often funded by grants and project mode funding from national and multi-national government agencies. Sometimes funded with a long term perspective by industry.
Output is often in the form of research publications and student dissertations.
Outcome is an improved understanding of chemicals, materials, organisms, phenomenon and techniques that can be used in applied research. Builds competencies and skills. Keeps researchers current and stimulated. Contributes to the march of science. The impact is direct and the activity takes time to deliver benefits.